direct and indirect speech

 

Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks (" ")

Example of Direct Speech :

1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”

2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”

3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”

4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”

5. You said, “I will come to help him.”

6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.” 

Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command/request)

2. interrogative (question)

3. Declarative (statement)

Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.

Expressions of time if reported on a different day
This (evening)	›	That (evening)
Today	›	Yesterday
These (days)	›	Those (days)
Now	›	Then
(a week) ago	›	(a week) before
Last weekend	›	The weekend before last / the previous weekend
Here	›	There
Next (week)	›	The following (week)
Tomorrow	›	The next/following day

 

Tense change

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple She said it was cold.
Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

 

modals in the past from

Modals in the past are :

v Could.

v Might.

v Would.

v Should.

The formula of Modals in the past form :

1. COULD + VERB BASE.

•  To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.

Example :

nida : “I’m having trouble with math.”

nadia : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”

• To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example :

fina : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”

chiara : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”

2. WOULD + VERB BASE.

• For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.

Example :

verra : “What did you do on holidays?”

tita : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”

• Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.

Example :

dhani : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”

ayash : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”

• To express polite request.

Example :

mr.oo : “Would you mind posting the letter?”

Reva : “No, not at all.”

3. SHOULD + VERB BASE.

• To give definite advice.

Example :

grand ma : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”

Neva : “I will, Mom.

4. MIGHT + VERB BASE.

•  To tell possibilities

Example :

Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”

Rita : “He might get a flat time.”

•  To express polite request.

Example :

Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”

Vera : “Yes, of course.